Accused of Plagiarism? Read How to Create Your Plagiarism Defence Strategy

Nowadays, Universities are taking plagiarism - using someone else's words or ideas without giving proper credit to the author of the original - very seriously and are fighting against it. In the best-case scenario, teachers may decide to award a 'zero' mark for a paper or a course; in the worst case, Universities may fail the whole degree or expel the student. This article has been written specifically for those students who have been accused of plagiarism, but who believe that they are not guilty. The article offers some advice to such students on how to defend their position. At the same time, it should be noted that the article is provided for information purposes only, as we do not give legal advice. If you seek legal assistance, you should contact your lawyer who would be in a better position to help you.

There is no doubt that plagiarism is a bad practice which not only endangers your own academic standing, but also hampers the process of scientific discovery. In some cases, plagiarism may even lead to legal proceedings if the authors decide that their work is being misused. In the academic context, however, plagiarism is usually viewed not as a legal infringement but as utterly unethical conduct. For this reason, we have prepared a set of recommendations for you to keep in mind should you face plagiarism accusations.

First and foremost, you must NEVER ADMIT Intentional Plagiarism, as that would be suicidal. If you do admit it, your University or College would be able to do whatever they wish, even fail your degree. Generally, there may be two outcomes of the plagiarism detection process. In half of cases, your University will KNOW and subsequently be able to PROVE that you have committed plagiarism. In the other 50% of cases Universities may SUSPECT that you have plagiarised but would not be able to prove it unless you voluntarily admit having plagiarised.

As a rule, Universities can suspect plagiarism based on the following:

a) The language and style of writing you used in the suspected paper differ from those that you normally employ. This is especially applicable to foreign students for whom English is not the first language. Usually, teachers can easily spot the discrepancies, as the text seems too perfect and 'polished' and rich in academic jargon and specialist phraseology. If this is the case, your strategy of defence can be to say that you asked a native speaker to proofread your work before submitting it in order to make it more professional and reader-friendly. This is absolutely legal, especially taking into account the fact that many Universities would penalise English language mistakes. Some even try to say, when caught, that the friend who proofread the paper amended the work and that he or she included some ideas without referencing them. This, however, is a shaky strategy, so you should be careful about using it.

b) The usage of models or resources, which were not taught by your tutor or not available in your library. In this case, your strategy of defence could be to say that you did some additional reading or research and/or have a friend studying in a different University who kindly gave you the otherwise inaccessible materials, books or articles. However, you should always bear in mind that, should the need arise, your tutor or academic commission will certainly be asking you questions regarding the resources that you used to write your paper. You ought therefore to make sure that you can answer such questions by preparing meticulously for the meetings. At least, you should know all the titles used and the authors and what each author said.

However, if it happens that your University can prove that you have plagiarised, there could be several defence strategies, such as:

1) In the process of work, you had several drafts of the paper and, as it turns out, accidentally submitted an incorrect version of the report. You can claim that while the rough drafts were not properly referenced, as they were only written to help you plan the paper and give you the overall guidance, the final version was indeed fully referenced and prepared in strict accordance with the academic requirements. At the end of the day, you are a human being and have the right to be mistaken.

2) Your computer had crashed and because of that all the information in the file where you kept all your drafts and extracts from various resources was converted into plain text, which prevented you from being able to differentiate between the bits written by yourself and those copied from other sources. For this reason, you were enormously confused and, given the urgency of the situation, may have misused the information contained in the corrupted file.

3) You simply forgot to put "quotes". This may happen if you paraphrased other authors' ideas but forgot to provide the references. In this regard, you should always remember that not only direct quotation but also referencing without giving credit constitutes plagiarism. Similarly, you could say that you had written the text for your own purposes, outside the academic curriculum, a few years ago and later decided to use the material for the assignment, sincerely believing that those were your own words, as the pre-written text, created for your own needs, did not contain any references.


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A Brief Description of the Writing Process for Students

Students are taught that writing is a process, and it requires time and dedication for good results. Time in the classroom is limited, and there isn't always to allow students (and to remind them) to take the time to go through the process. Many teachers will count the prewriting and outlining as separate grades or will not accept the final draft without the prewriting, outlining, and rough drafts. This reminds the students (and teachers) of the importance of these steps in creating organized and well-written essays.

Here is a brief description of the writing process. The basic writing process involves the five step process. This begins with prewriting. There are many activities that are considered prewriting. Webbing, brainstorming, listing of ideas, T-charts, and mapping are all ways of getting initial ideas down on paper. All of these are activities that are considered prewriting. Outlining is another form of prewriting that is often used in formal essay writing and research writing.

After prewriting is completed and ideas are on paper and organized in a logical way, the drafting process can begin. This is where the writer will take his or her ideas and formulate them into a coherent piece of writing that will appeal to a particular audience. Often the drafting process is not a one-time deal. It may take several attempts to craft the writing into a solid piece. Part of this step includes the third step, revising.

Revision is when the writer continues to review his own work and make changes to improve it. Teachers often will offer revision suggestions to students in middle school and high school. Collegiate settings don't always foster writers the same way, and college students should have peers review their work and offer revision suggestions when instructors are not available.

When the student/writer is comfortable with the piece of writing and is ready to have a teacher or instructor review it or do a "first read", this is when the editing step begins. Editing refers to fixing all of the problems whether they are content, format, or grammar related. Instructors often have a superior grasp of grammar and syntax and can make suggestions for improvements in student writing that make huge differences in the quality of the piece.
The last step of the process is publishing. Publishing actually refers to completion of the final product. It can be just having a final copy that is ready to be graded. It can be publishing the paper or piece to a website or journal or even just having it displayed in a classroom. For students, this is usually when the piece receives a "grade".

It is often difficult to remember to do all of the steps, all of the time. However, students will find that the outcome is always better if they follow the process. Sometimes, students are asked to answer essay questions during testing situations. A modified version of the process can still be employed when you must "write on demand". Read the prompt. Assess what is being asked of the writer. Think about the audience and purpose associated with the prompt. Pre-writing can still be done in a time-crunch. Jot down ideas and organize them in a logical order. Write a draft. Go back and review it for content problems and grammatical issues. Fix the issues. Done! Never just start writing an answer to an essay question without doing some planning first. There is an excellent chance that important information will be left out that the writer will want credit for knowing.


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Edit Your Own Book Or Manuscript With a Proven, Inexpensive "New" Method - Organic Editing

Editing your own manuscript isn't difficult, but it requires time and energy, and the payoff is enormous. First, you save a ton of money by doing the edit yourself. Second, even if you end up using a professional editor, fees will be significantly reduced since your manuscript will be that much closer to perfect. Do a quick on-line search for do-it-yourself editing books. You will soon discover they have one weakness in common: They assume that you already perfectly know grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Thus, with most of these guides, you are back to square-one. It doesn't have to be that way. Organic Editing is a much simpler, budget-friendly way to improve your manuscript. Touted as new-age by many, organic editing is a process that combines the oldest and newest methods of correcting the written word. In order to do a complete organic edit, there are some basic requirements. First, find a few friends who are willing to help. Second, be sure to use a simple spell checker and grammar program. Many are available on-line for free. Finally, be willing to read your book out loud to yourself and others several times (this is the most critical step). The time you spend at this endeavor is worth its weight in gold. The final product will be a flowing, tight, virtually error-free document.

The three most common questions I've received about Organic Editing:

1. Do spell checkers and grammar robots work?

Answer: Yes and no. It depends which ones you use. Modern spell bots are pretty good, but they miss lots of common like-sounding words; their/there, rose/rows, too/two, etc. By working with a list of fewer than 100 common sound-alikes, you'll weed out 99% of the problem. Grammar checkers are satisfactory provided you know their limitations. Yes, they are pathetic when it comes to suggesting corrections, but remarkable in finding awkward constructions and areas of text where mistakes lurk. Best to look at underscores, circle questionable passages, then totally rewrite those particular segments. Again, the key to organic editing is the "aloud" component, something which is irreplaceable, and absolutely cannot be done by a robot.

2. Does Organic Editing make my book perfect?

Answer: No. Nothing will make your book perfect, not even a professional editor. An organic edit will find many more errors than the typical self-edit, which goes something like this: Re-read the document, proof it for grammar and spelling, possibly have a friend look it over for mistakes. That's that. Easy. Boring. Ineffective.

Organic editing is an alternative method, as it relies on your own innate ability to hear things as they should be. Most of us are much better writers than we think we are. We tend to ignore our inborn, subconscious language skills. Hearing is the key. That's why a thorough self edit of your book, resume', term paper, or business document can generate vast improvement by reading aloud, as well as listening to someone else read the text aloud.


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Concerns About The Growth Of Term Paper Mills And Essay Mills For Health And Nursing Students

The work I've been involved with on contract cheating over the past decade has looked at students who pay for work to be completed for them online. This is a concerning behaviour. Students who do not complete their own learning are not gaining the skills they need for employment and the workplace.

A worrying trend that has emerged in recent years are essay mills (also known as term paper mills) that are designed to cater for students from particular academic disciplines.

You can find essay mills aimed at law students, business students, computing students or any academic discipline that you can think of.

From the point of view of the company marketing essay writing services to students, this is a smart decision. Providing niche essay mills means that students are more likely to find your company online. They are also more likely to trust that you have the academic ability to help them with their particular subject or academic discipline.

Actually, the truth is far less clear-cut. Investigations that I've been involved with have shown that most of these companies are not as specialised as they make out. The same company is often providing services through several different trading names. Each of these uses the same pool of writers, regardless of which entry point was used to get the students involved with these services.

The growth of essay mills in subject specific areas is also of concern when fitness to practice is considered. Nursing is a particular example which has been identified. Here, students need to leave their academic course with practical and mathematical skills that they will use on a hospital ward or with patients.

When students see nursing essay mills online, this is an encouragement for them to cheat and to receive help that they are not entitled to. This can mean that they end up being in front of patients, but lacking the medical care skills needed to support them with their conditions. The issue becomes one of public safety.

There are all kinds of things that could go wrong when a nurse who is not properly qualified ends up working with patients. There have been instances identified in the media where patients have been dispensed the wrong prescription drugs, or provided with the incorrect amount of medication. Patient notes be recorded incorrectly, leading to problems down the line. Nurses who have taken short cuts during their educational journey may continue to do so when put in front of patients.

As a result, I strongly discourage prospective nurses who are tempted to use essay mills from doing so. Previous examples looking at the essays produced by these services have shown that they are often not very good. Nurses have been caught attempting to cheat, removed from their courses and subsequently never able to get a job in the caring profession.

It is much better for students to do their own work. Academic assessments in nursing are set for a reason and do directly lead onto nursing placements and the day-to-day work that will be undertaken. Only by avoiding and eliminating the temptations to cheat can we be assured that all nurses are able to provide the standard of hospital care that we should expect.


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The Economic Role of Gold: A Brief Essay on How Gold Has Shaped Our Economy

Gold has significantly shaped the history of man, his economics and his over all perception of life to being a simple hunter gatherer to a man who is driven by the power of capitalism and understands the value of wealth and its possession. Gold when discovered nearly 40,000 years ago when Paleolithic man picked up a piece of rock which had gold deposits in it. Gold had never helped man develop tools of his early needs like arrows or spears or even for agricultural purposes. Being malleable, soft it did not have much use with early man. Bronze discovered about 10,000 years and silver later, were valued much more compared to gold which was discovered much earlier. A bright yellow illuminating object that may have caught the attention of early man was often traded as a valuable piece of object much later on as the system of barter did not have a place for gold nor was it used. Gold was probably used in some form as a shiny object that could have been used to some extent in jewelry and even for scaring the enemy when engaged in war. But it was only recently about 5000 years ago when the social status was devised and man divided the society into classes that he understood that this is a rare metal and thus precious and started using it in more aesthetic manners including jewelry, for worship and for trade. Gold started to be considered as a mark of royalty or power and richness and became a prerogative of the high and the powerful to be owned. Gold has always been considered to be incorruptible without blemish. In some cultures gold is synonymous to the power of the sun. The Aztecs and the Incas believed that gold came from the sun, considering it to be its sweat and excretion. The mighty and rich Egyptians considered there kings to be direct descendants of the sun and gold as the one true flesh of that king. Thus gold had a significant impact upon all these ancient empires and their cultures. The Egyptians at about 3000 BC were the first to start a monetary system entirely of gold and silver. Their power and influence across the Nile grew with the discovery of the Nubian gold mines. Exploitation of the Nubian mines lead to unimaginable wealth and the establishment of the first true great empire of the world. The Egyptians had established a system of economics and the first monetary exchange based on gold and silver and thus creating an economic order based out of currency and not barter.

Trade and the development of barter

Even since man has had the realization that he alone cannot provide for everything that he needs, he understood the importance of trade. When there was no money, people still traded using whatever they could lay their hands on. Shells, fruits, crop, and anything that was important and has some sort of value attached to it would be traded. This gave rise to a system of trade that we call as barter. Man would exchange a hunt with another for getting wine, exchange wine for clothes, and clothes for any tools that he would need. Generally the chief item of trade among the people of Asia and Europe was cattle. Cows and oxen were traded as means of exchange for goods and services rendered. This resulted in the specializations of trade and men started living in societies where each man had a role to play in the larger scheme of things. So a potter would still be able to east without knowing how to grow crops and a wine maker would have the pitchers that he needs to store his wine without having the know how. A common form of sustenance thus resulted in what we call as society. In some societies, still today, people would trade using items and not money as in coinage and paper currency. Precious metals came after cattle and started to be used as a supplementary form of exchange and then slowly took over as the primary form.

Why money was needed?

During the days when barter trade was prevalent every item would have a fixed exchange rate compared with the other items that were traded. 1 bag of rice for 2 new clothes, 20 bags of rice for a cow and so on. However in a simpler trading situation this would have been possible where the number if items on exchange were few. When the market expanded, things became complicated and more and items were started to be traded. Barter became complicated because hundreds and thousands of items now needed an exchange rate to be traded properly. This gave birth to money. When money was introduced, every item in the market had a fixed exchange rate based on a unit of currency or money.


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IELTS Exam Preparation Tips: Academic Reading Paper

About The IELTS Examination

The IELTS English Examination (International English Language Testing System) is the most widely used English test in the world. There are two streams: Academic and General Training consisting of four papers each: Speaking, Listening, Reading and Writing.

The Academic Module is used as an entrance test for boarding school, college and university admission worldwide. It is also used by employers and the Government in Hong Kong for job application screening. The General Training module is used mostly for immigration purposes. There are two separate Reading Papers used for each of these modules. This article will concentrate on the Academic Reading Paper.

Reading Paper Tips

The IELTS Reading Paper tests your reading skills in many different areas and consists of three reading passages from a variety of sources such as newspapers books and magazines. Although the content is not specialised, the articles are fairly high level. Even though they may be scientific, they are of general interest and you do not need any prior knowledge of the subject to be able to answer the questions. One will probably contain a chart or diagram, and at least one will contain a complex argument

• Time Management: One of the main obstacles is the fact that the articles are quite long (about 900 words each). There is only 1 hour for the whole test, so its impossible to read the articles and understand every unknown word.


• Understand The Question Types: As with the rest of the IELTS test, you must have a good understanding of the types of questions you have to answer. There are ten types of questions including multiple choice, sentence completion, short answer questions, completing sentences, classifying, yes/no/not given, labeling paragraphs with headings, matching, identifying the location of information, and labelling a diagram or completing a summary.


• Learn Reading Skills: You should also learn which reading skills you should use to answer each type of question. For instance, if the question requires you to label paragraphs then using skimming to get a general idea of each paragraph is the appropriate skill. For the sentence completion the questions you need to use scanning to get a deeper understanding of the text.


• Understand the Test Structure: Like the rest of the papers, the IELTS reading texts get more difficult as your progress through the test. Time is limited so if you cannot answer a question, do not waste time trying to find the answer but just leave it and go on to the next question. You can always come back to it and even guess if needed (there is no penalty for wrong answers).


• Understand How Synonyms are used in the test: The words in the test questions will normally be different from the key words in the text. Sometimes the exact words in the question are used in the text but in a different part of the text than which the question refers to in order to trick you. Be very careful when you match words like this.


• Understand Paraphrasing: The questions often paraphrase the meaning of a section of text so understand what paraphrasing is and remember to look for these.


• Be Correct: When answering questions be careful about spelling and grammatical mistakes as these will reduce your marks. Be extra careful with plurals as well. And if the question says "write no more than 3 words" then do not write 4!


• Be Clear: The IELTS reading test booklet is designed rather like the listening test but in contrast there is no separate answer sheet. You must write all your answers in the test booklet and there is no extra time at the end to transfer your answers. Be sure to write your answers legibly and if you need to change your answers, indicate clearly which is your "final" answer.
  
  
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Build A Better Academic Writing Style For a Problem Solving Essay

An Academic Writing Style research essay has a lot of information in the document. In this case, for researching essay topics in depth and with a lot of support towards the facts makes a high-quality paper. This paper will often make a big difference when it comes to the grade that the writer might be making the paper for. Problem solving and being able to solve issues that are constantly being introduced, can always come from the person who created them. Being able to create a strong paper on problem solving and increasing the academic writing style has a few things to it.

Focusing on the solution

Creating the time

Focusing on the facts

Solutions, Solutions, Solutions

Focusing on the solutions will often make a lot of chance. This will begin the entire issue and no matter to the problem, the solution will override it and regain that energy in the argument. This will become somewhat of a strong paper is, the solution is consistently being stated with conviction. Conviction can become the academic writing style that won't fade away.

Providing thoughts that will make the solutions and then supporting those thoughts can often times bring about a lasting change and while there are some challenges in reason to build such things, they can often be revealed with reason by maintaining the focus on the solution.

Creating A Time

Creating a time for the manifest to occur. This will often change the actual timeframe of the entire document and then introduce something else to it. The time it takes to incorporate information that is solution based and the resulting effects in that specify timeline that is never a known time.

Staying With The Facts

Focusing on the facts of the situation and the problem that is being caused and what the facts have become as a result of the issue and the timeline that the problem has embarked on. This makes a strong paper because the facts aren't arguable, but they do demonstrate something and as that something, they reveal a lot of information.


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